F2 Life in the Age of Machines

From the 1760s to the late 19th century, great changes took place【happened, occurred】 in _______________ industry【工業】, _______________ science, _______________ technology and many other areas. This was called the ‘ _______________ Industrial Revolution【工業革命】‘.

Industrial Revolution first began in _______________ Britain【英國】, and then it spread【擴展】 to other European【歐洲的】 countries and the United States of America【美國】.

For the Industrial Revolution to start, a country needed labour【勞工】, capital【資金】, _______________ raw materials【原料】, _______________ markets【市場】, good production methods【良好的生產方法】 and advanced technology【先進的技術】. _______________ Britain【英國】 had all of these.

During the Industrial Revolution, work done by hands began to be done by the _______________ machines【機器】. This is why we call the period after 1760s the ‘ _______________ Age of Machines【機器時代】‘.

In the 17th century, some rich landlords【地主】 enclosed farmland owned by others in order to increase pastures【牧場】 for sheep farming. This action is known as the _______________ Enclosure Movement【圈地運動】. After farmers losing their land, some of them went to the town to look for jobs. These new people in towns provided a huge【巨大】 _______________ labour force【勞動力】 for the industrial development【工業發展】.

Before invention【發明】 of machines,

1. most people were farmers. There are some craftsmen who made goods with _______________ simple hand tools in their homes. This kind of production【生產】 is known as the _______________ domestic system【家庭手工業】.
2. Most people lived in villages.
3. The main sources【來源】 of power came from people, animals, wind and water.
4. Most roads were poorly made. People travelled on _______________ foot, on _______________ horseback or by _______________ carriage【馬車】.

In a workshop【車間】, workers were grouped together to produce goods. _______________ Division of labour began to develop. This not only largely increased productivity【生產力】, but also allowed specialisation【專業化】 of tools and the invention【發明】 of machines.

In Britain, the _______________ textile industry【紡織工業】 was the first to use machines. Then, the steam engine【蒸汽機】 was improved, and changes took place【happened, occurred】 in the iron【鐵】 and coal mining industries【採礦業】 and in transportation.

In 1733, John Kay【凱伊】, a British【英國人】/Briton, invented【發明】 the _______________ flying shuttle【飛梭】, which increased the speed of weaving【織布】. In 1964, the _______________ spinning jenny【珍妮紡紗機】 was invented by James Hargreaves【哈格里夫】. This marked【標誌着】 the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.

The first generation【第一代】 of steam engine【蒸汽機】 used a lot of fuel and was inefficient【低效】. In 1979, a Scotsman【蘇格蘭人】 named _______________ James Watt【瓦特】 made a greatly improved steam engine. From then on, _______________ steam power【蒸汽動力】 could be used to drive【驅動】 machines in the heavy industry【重工業】.

_______________ Coal was important to the Industrial Revolution because it was used to smelt【冶煉】 iron【鐵】. More iron produced meant more machines could be made. Coal was also used to heat water and create steam to drive【驅動】 steam engines【蒸汽機】. Without coal, the use of machines in industrial production【工業生產】 would have been very difficult.

From 1761, many _______________ canals【運河】 were dug【開鑿】 in Britain. Coal and other raw materials【原料】 could then be shipped by boats to the industrial towns. In 1807, an American named Robert Fulton【富爾敦】 invented the _______________ steamship【輪船】.

In 1814, George Stephenson【斯提芬遜】, a British【英國人】/Briton, made the first _______________ steam locomotive【蒸汽火車頭】. In 1825, Britain built the first _______________ railway【railway】 in the world. In 1885, the first car built with an _______________ internal combustion engine【內燃機】 was made.

The British began to use _______________ fuel gas【燃氣】 for lighting in the late 18th century. In 1879, an American named Thomas Edison made the first _______________ electric light bulb【電燈泡】. Soon, _______________ electricity became the most important energy source and replaced steam power【蒸汽動力】 eventually【終於】.

The _______________ Agricultural Revolution【農業革命】 increased the production of goods through

1. the invention【發明】 of the seed drill【播種機】
2. the use of artificial fertilisers【人造肥料】
3. the practice of crop rotation【穀物輪耕】 and scientific breeding of animals【動物科學繁殖法】

Machines were used for the _______________ mass production【大量生產】 of products. As machines were big and driven【驅動】 by steam power【蒸汽動力】. They needed to be placed in factories. Therefore, the _______________ factory system【工廠制度】 began and it replaced the domestic system【家庭手工業】 gradually【逐漸地】.

_______________ Mass production【大量生產】 means a large number of workers were employed in a factory to produce large amount of goods. _______________ Division of labour means every worker works on only one part of the production process【生產過程】. This allows the workers to work more quickly. As a result, production increases and the the cost of production is lowered.

Many farmers lost their jobs because machines were used in agriculture【農業】. At the same time, industrial towns【工業城鎮】 were growing. Thus, many farmers moved from the countryside to towns for jobs. This process was called _______________ urbanisation【城市化】.

Two new opposing classes【對立階級】 were created during the Industrial Revolution. They are the _______________ industrial-capitalist class【工業資產階級】 and the _______________ working class【工人階級】. The industrial-capitalist class included【包括】 owners of factories【工廠】, mines【礦山】, railways【鐵路】 and banks.

At the early stage【早期】 of Industrial Revolution, workers lived in _______________ slums【貧民窟】 and led【過着】 a difficult life in towns. They usually worked _______________ long hours but only got _______________ low wages【低工資】. As a result, _______________ working class movements broke out【爆發】 in Europe in the early 19th century to fight for better living and working conditions. The _______________ Chartist Movement【憲章運動】 in Britain(1838 – 1848) was an example.